List of Figures and Tables
Acknowledgments
INTRODUCTION
Illegal Psychoactive Substances in Canada
Drug Use and Criminal Behaviour
CHAPTER 1
Links Between Drugs and Crime in Facts and Figures
Youth
Adults
Justice-involved Individuals
Drugs in Prison
Substance-dependent Individuals
CHAPTER 2
Drugs: A Detailed Criminogenic Profile
Selected Important Definitions
Intoxication and Criminal Behaviour
Cannabinoids
Stimulants
Cocaine
Amphetamine-type Stimulants
Benzodiazepines
Heroin and Other Opioids
Hallucinogens
Drug Interactions
Victimization While Under the Influence of a
Psychoactive Substance
The Role of Intoxication
Dependence and Criminal Behaviour
How Users Support Their Habit
Crime as an Income-generating Activity
Acquisitive Crime
Trafficking
Other Lucrative Criminal Activities
Links Between Dependence and Criminal Activity
CHAPTER 3
The Legal and Political Landscape
The Road to Repression
Globalization of Trade
Prohibition
The War on Drugs
Action Against Drug Producers
Action Against Drug Importers and Distributors
Action Against Users
Europe
The Netherlands
Portugal
The Americas
The United States
Uruguay
Canada
Different Concepts and Approaches
Normalizing the Relationship With Users
CHAPTER 4
Proximal and Distal Models: A Static Conceptualization
Proximal Elements
Goldstein’s Tripartite Model
The Psychopharmacological Model
The Economic-Compulsive Model
The Systemic Model
Non–Mutually Exclusive Types of Crime
The Inverse Proximal Model
Distal Elements
CHAPTER 5
Trajectories: A Dynamic Conceptualization
The Evolving Drug–Crime Relationship
Deviant Trajectories
Experimentation and Occasional Use
Frequent Use
Regular Use
Addiction
Factors That Influence the Progression and Maintenance
of Deviant Trajectories
The Substance Itself
Income
Environment
Traumatic Events
Reduction, Cessation, and Interruption
Peer Pressure
Internal Pressure
Organizational Pressure
Deviant Environment Pressures
Women’s Distinctive Trajectory
CHAPTER 6
Deviant Lifestyles: An Integrated Conceptualization
The Integrative Model
Risk Factors
Deviant Lifestyles
Degrees of Permeation
Stages of Progression
CHAPTER 7
Treating Addicts in the Criminal Justice System
Access to Treatment
Punishment or Rehabilitation?
"Nothing Works”
The Punitive Post-Martinson Era
“What Works?”
Treating Drug Dependence in Offenders
Drug Courts
Post-sentencing Treatment
Cognitive-Behavioural Programs
Therapeutic Communities and Boot Camps
Peer Support and Twelve-Step Groups
Methadone Maintenance Programs
Motivational Interviewing
Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
Ingredients for Treatment Success
Screening and Assessment
Personalized Plans
Relapse Prevention
Motivation
Judicial Pressure
The Therapeutic Relationship
Adequate Treatment Duration
Aftercare
Extension of Social Control
The Real Client
Boundaries and Bridges
Conclusion
The Drug–Crime Relationship
Who?
Why?
What?
How Can Society Intervene?
Implementing Appropriate Policies
Providing Suitable Care
References
Authors and Translator
